The same method as for Adobe Reader also works with Acrobat Professional, tested with version 11.
The installer directory of Acrobat has a setup.exe and an AcroPro.msi. Ignore the setup.exe, and replace the outdated MSP with the latest one.
Then extract the MSI to an AIP as described for Adobe reader, and slipstream the latest MSP (or just do these two steps by running ApplyMSP2.bat there).
You can specify your license number in an MST file by using the Configuration Wizard from Adobe.
Version 10: If you want a language different than english, copy the mst file
with the correct language-id from the Transforms directory,
then (example for the german version) install from the AIP with the command
msiexec /i AcroPro.msi TRANSFORMS=1031.mst
or, if using GPO, specify the MST-file on the Modification-Tab.
The transform can only be applied while installing, not
during creation of the AIP, and not during slipstreaming the MSP.
If you get error 1603 (eventlog calls it %%1603), do not believe Google that this always is a missing permission to the destination directory. Better check if you see such messages in the logfile:
[CheckVCx64Runtime] : Setup could not find Microsoft Visual C++ 2013 (x64) runtime CustomActionInfo: ERROR Encountered: [CHECKVCx64Runtime] : : VCRT Missing hence Force Quitting CustomAction CheckVCx64Runtime returned actual error code 1603 CheckVCx64Runtime. Return value 3.
Cause: Acrobat wants the Visual C++ 2013 runtime installed. However this is only need if
you have the 64bit version of Microsoft Office.
Fix: declare the properties IGNOREVC10RT and IGNOREVCRT64, and set them to 1.
See also
https://forums.adobe.com/message/5398655#5398655
http://www.adobe.com/devnet-docs/acrobatetk/tools/AdminGuide/properties.html#props
If the logfile says
CustomAction AAMIU_Install.196A45B3_0387_4DF9_9420_597B6F2F9ADD returned actual error code 1603
add the property IGNOREAAM and set it to 1.
However this can trigger an error saying that IMSLib could not be found. In this case set IGNOREAAM only on the PCs which need it.